金属筒仓在粮食贮存方面的作用 --王茜翻译

Timor-Leste is a relatively small sparely populated and mountainous country covering an area of about 19,000 km2. It has a population of about 800,000 people, with 4.7 persons/Household. Agriculture provides useful employment and livelihood for approximately three quarters of the population and accounts for about 25% of non-oil GDP, mostly derived from the crop sector. Subsistence agriculture is predominant with maize, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes and beans being the staple crops; the country produces no significant quantities of marketable surpluses. Coffee production, often grown by smallholders, is however an exception and is the only important export cash crop. The average size of holding is estimated at 1.2 ha/household often fragmented in different plots. Productivity in agriculture is very low, and rural unemployment is very high. 东帝汶是一个山区国家，人口相对稀少，面积约为一万九千平方公里，人口约八十万人，每个家庭平均4.7口人。农业为总人口的大约四分之三提供了有益的就业机会和谋生手段，占非石油GDP的大约25%，农业收入主要来自于农作物。自给生存式农业中占据统治地位的有玉米、稻米、木薯、甘薯和菜豆，它们是主要作物。该国基本不生产进入市场的过剩产品，但是一般由小自耕农种植的咖啡是个例外，是该国唯一的主要出口商品作物。据估计，每个家庭的平均土地面积只有1.2公顷，而且这些土地往往不是连成片而是分散的。农业生产率非常低下，农村失业率也很高。

Following a referendum in 1999 there occurred in a breakdown of law and order and in addition to the loss of human life there was a substantial destruction of property both within the cities and in the countryside. The agricultural sector suffered substantially. Farms were abandoned and farm buildings together with food stocks, seed stocks, livestock and agricultural implements were destroyed. The hostilities have now ceased and the reconciliation process is progressing well. However poverty, and unemployment, particularly within the rural areas, is widespread with the majority of households having little if any income. The rehabilitation of the sector is therefore important and very high in the agenda of the Government. 1999年的公民投票之后，该国的法律和秩序崩溃，有很多人被夺去生命。不仅如此，城市和农村的大量财产也遭到破坏，农业产业遭到重创。农田荒芜，农场建筑以及粮食仓库、种子仓库、牲畜和农业设施都遭到破坏。目前，对抗已经平息，和解进程进展顺利。但是，贫困和失业问题仍然困扰着大多数收入微薄的家庭，这一点在农村地区尤为突出。因此，农业的重建任务非常迫切，被政府列为首要议事日程之一。

Maize is the major staple crop of Timor-Leste, providing about 70 percent of the cereal needs of the whole population. Unfortunately, maize is also highly susceptible to losses during the eight-month long storage period which separates harvest time (February-March) to planting season (November). A FAO-WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission estimated that on average 30 percent of the stored maize grain was destroyed by insects (mainly weevils) or other pests, such as rats due to lack of proper storage. 玉米是东帝汶的主要作物，为整个人口提供了70%的谷类食品。不幸的是，收割期（二到三月）和种植期（十一月）之间漫长的八个月贮藏期中，会损失掉大量玉米。根据联合国粮农组织和世界粮食计划署粮食和作物供应评估特派团的估计，平均30%的贮藏玉米会被害虫（主要是象鼻虫）和其他有害动物毁掉，比如老鼠（如果贮存不当）。

In light of this situation FAO designed a project to reduce post-harvest losses, which was funded by the UN Trust Fund for Human Security, through a grant from the Government of Japan. The assistance focussed in four areas. These were the application of post-harvest loss reduction technologies, training and capacity building in post-harvest management of grain, extending new and tried technologies to cover the whole post-harvest sector, and finally establishing the framework (including silos) for emergency seed store facilities. 为了解决这一问题，联合国粮农组织制定了一项计划，以减少收割后的作物损失，该计划由联合国人类安全信托基金提供资金，并得到了日本政府的支持。援助集中在四个方面，即收割后降低损失技术的实施，收割后谷物管理培训，用新技术和经实践证明的技术覆盖整个收割后作业，以及建立紧急种子贮藏设施（包括筒仓）。

The project promoted the use of small metallic silos for grain and seed storage (in sizes of 150kg, 500kg, 1000kg, 1500kg). In the process, the project trained 22 blacksmiths to fabricate metal silos as well as other minor agricultural/household implements for their communities. By the end of the project in November 2004, it is estimated that a total of 800 silos, with a total storage capacity of 400 tonne will have been produced. The silos were sold by the blacksmiths to cover the cost of their labour, the materials were provided by the project at no cost to the blacksmith. FAO also trained agricultural extension officers and farmers in 70 villages on the use and maintenance of the silos. The project also introduced threshing and grain processing equipment in rural communities. 这一计划推广使用小型金属筒仓贮藏粮食和种子（分为150公斤、500公斤、1000公斤和1500公斤等不同尺寸）。同时，22名铁匠得到培训，为其社区制造金属筒仓及其它辅助性农业/家用设备。该计划将于2004年11月份结束，到那时预计将有800个筒仓制造完毕，其总储存容量将达到400吨。铁匠将筒仓出售，以补偿其人工成本，而制造筒仓所需材料是由该计划向铁匠免费提供的。联合国粮农组织还对70个村镇的农业推广官员和农民进行了培训，教授他们筒仓的使用和维护。该计划还将打谷设备和粮食加工设备引进了农村社区。

Recent adverse climatic events linked to El Ni?o, resulted in widespread crop failures and negatively affected food security for over 25% of population. This inevitably also affected the availability of seed, especially amongst smallholders, for use in producing the next season’s crops. In order to maintain crop production activities at accepted levels, the project promoted, in conjunction with other policy measures, the use of silos for seed storage in order to establish community seed stocks. These silos were located in communities frequently affected by climatic adversities. The emergency distribution of these stored seeds, to vulnerable population, will ensure the continuation of food production activities最近，阿尔尼诺所带来的恶劣气候条件导致了普遍的作物歉收，影响了25%人口的食品保证问题。不可避免地，这也影响了下一季作物种植所需种子的供应，这种影响对小自耕农更为严重。为了将作物种植活动维持在可以接受的水平，在政府其它政策的帮助下，该计划推广使用筒仓贮藏种子，以建立社区种子储备。这些筒仓位于频繁遭受恶劣气候袭击的社区。对于脆弱的国民而言，这些储备种子的紧急分配将保证粮食种植活动的继续。

This case demonstrates how simple engineering technology can be introduced to a community in times of need. The approach involved building the capacity of the blacksmiths and members of the community were trained in aspects of post-harvest management. It is acknowledged that there was a significant element of subsidy through the provision of the raw materials for the silo at no cost to the blacksmiths. However, it is argued that when a community does not have the capacity to pay the full cost for inputs that can substantially improve food security, the international community has an obligation to assist. The key challenge now lies in effecting a successful transition to viable blacksmith enterprises and in assisting the rural communities to grow their agricultural economy. 这个案例说明，有时候我们仅仅需要简单地将工程技术引入社区，就可以满足他们的需求。对铁匠和社区成员所进行的培训是收割后管理内容的一部分。该计划得到了政府的补助金支持，以向铁匠免费提供制造筒仓所需原材料。但是，有人认为，如果一个社区没有能力支付改善食品保证所需的所有费用时，国际社会有义务伸出援助之手。目前我们所面临的主要问题，是成功地实现向锻造企业的过渡，并帮助农村社区发展其农业经济。