保护性农业实施案例 --王茜翻译

Conservation Agriculture in Kazakhstan
Five years ago the Government of Kazakhstan (GoK) identified four main factors as key to the low productivity of their cereal sub-sector: firstly, the declining productivity of the resource base from unsustainable cropping over many years; secondly, the virtual cessation of investment by farmers in new machinery, inputs and technologies due to farmers’ heavy indebtedness; thirdly, the decline of the public agricultural services infrastructure (e.g. seed production, research, extension) and fourthly, inefficiencies in the marketing of wheat and key farm inputs to farmers. In addition, farmers were facing difficulties caused by the transition to a market economy, which was characterised by high input and low output prices. This price squeeze dictated that farmers were unlikely to spend money on costly inputs and new technologies in the short to medium term. Thus, the farmers sought input-saving methods of crop production wherever possible and spent little on fertilisers, purchased seed, and fuel and were unlikely to invest in machinery and equipment. 五年之前，哈萨克斯坦政府发现，四个主要因素导致了其谷类作物的低产：首先，多年以来非持续性耕作导致的资源基础的生产率的下降；第二，由于繁重债务，农民对新机械、能量和技术投入的实际终止；第三，公共农业基础设施（如种子的生产、研究和推广）的下降；第四，缺乏面向农民销售的小麦和主要农业投入。另外，由于国家正在朝着市场经济的方向转变，高投入换来低产出价格，这导致了一系列农民必须面对的问题。由于这种压价现象的存在，农民不可能在短期或中期内花钱进行昂贵的投入或购买新技术。因此，农民想尽一切办法以经济的方式搞种植，尽量在化肥、种子和燃料方面少花钱，并几乎不投资于机械或设备。

Against this background, the GoK realised that improved farm profitability and increased export earnings from the cereal sector could only be achieved on the basis of cropping and farming practices that conserved resources. Resource-efficient crop production was seen as the key to farmers’ survival in producing cereal crops, particularly in a difficult agro-climatic environment. 基于这样一种背景，哈萨克斯坦政府意识到，只有依靠节约能源的耕种方式，才能改善农业利润率，增加谷类产品的出口收入。他们认识到，种植谷类作物的农民要想生存，就必须在进行耕种时对能源加以有效利用，在艰难的农业气候环境里，这一点尤为重要。

GoK researchers had been working on a number of resource conserving technologies, but due to political reasons in the past and economic ones at the time, these technologies had never formed a sustainable production system. The soil conservation cropping systems used by farmers were adopted in the 1960’s and were not able to increase grain yields beyond 1 t/ha. The existing practice of fallow cultivation was unsustainable both from a technical and financial point of view. Weed control was very poor, soil moisture losses were high, and fuel and spares for tractors were scarce and costly. Attempts by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) and two research institutes in Northern Kazakhstan to introduce zero-tillage, chemical fallow, and green manure crops had demonstrated potential and clearly pointed to a possible sustainable evolution of the cropping system. 哈萨克斯坦政府的研究人员对一系列资源节约技术进行了研究，但是由于历史上的政治和经济原因，这些技术从未形成一个可持续性生产体系。二十世纪六十年代，当地农民就采用了水土保持耕作制度，但是粮食产量从来没有超过1吨/公顷。而现有的休闲耕种方式无论是从技术还是从财政的角度来看均不具备可持续性。除莠管理非常差，土壤湿度流失严重，拖拉机的燃料和备用部件稀缺而昂贵。国际玉米小麦改良中心以及哈萨克斯坦北部的两家研究机构曾试图引进免耕法、化学休闲耕作和绿肥作物。这些努力显示了良好的发展潜力，并且明确预示着耕作制度向着可持续性方向的演进。

The GoK requested the assistance of FAO to use a holistic approach to develop the existing cereal cropping system into a genuinely sustainable and resource-saving Conservation Agriculture (CA) system. A project was designed that would strengthen the development of appropriate CA technologies such as chemical fallow through the application of non-selective herbicides, the replacement of black fallow by a more diversified crop rotation, and the use of minimum and/or no-tillage technologies in lieu of conventional soil tillage. It would also promote improved crop residue management that would maximise the amount of trash on the soil surface thereby controlling weeds, preserving soil moisture, increasing soil fertility and protecting the soil from wind and water erosion. In addition, these techniques would minimise the number of field operations and greatly reduce operational costs. Finally, the proposed project would also assist in improving planting and harvesting operations through direct drilling and the introduction of straw choppers. The project would make use of the manufacturing facilities of the local farm machinery factory in Astana in order to upgrade existing farm machinery. 哈萨克斯坦政府请求联合国粮农组织的援助，采用一种整体办法将目前的谷类耕作制度发展为一个完全可持续的、节约能源的保护性农业体系。我们制定了一个计划，以加强适当的保护性农业技术的发展，比如通过使用非选择性除草剂实现化学休闲耕作，用更加多样化的轮作代替秋耕闲地，以及使用最少和/或免耕法技术代替传统的土壤耕种。该计划还推广经过改进的作物残余管理，以使土地表面的废料数量最大化，从而控制杂草、保持土壤湿度、增加土壤肥力、保护土壤不受风沙和水的侵蚀。另外，这些技术还能将农田作业的数量减至最小，极大地降低作业成本。最后，该计划还将通过直接条播和切草机的引进改善种植和收割作业。该计划将对阿斯塔那当地农业机械工厂的制造设备加以利用，以对现有的农业机械进行更新。

Four large farms participated in the project. In each case the area cropped under CA produced higher yields than that cropped using current tillage and seeding practices. In 2003, which was marked by a drought the CA area produced up to twice the yield of that obtained under current tillage and seeding practices. In addition, CA eliminated three tillage operations and one spray operation, thereby reducing costs by up to US$27.50 per hectare. A full economic analysis of the investment costs and benefits had not been completed at the time of writing. 四家大型农场参与了该项计划。每个应用了保护性农业技术进行种植的农场，其产量均高于使用传统的耕作和播种方式种植的农场。2003年该地区普遍遭遇干旱，实施保护性农业技术的地区，其产量高达使用传统耕作和播种方式农场产量的两倍。另外，保护性农业告别了三种耕地作业和一种喷淋作业，降低的费用高达27.50美元/每亩。在本文的写作过程中，相关人员仍在进行投资成本和收益的整体经济分析。

The locally adapted machinery was compared with specialist CA drills imported from Brazil; the Brazilian equipment was judged to be superior, but the locally adapted equipment was adequate. The GoK has declared that CA is to be a priority for development in the cereal sub-sector. 我们将当地使用的机械设备与从巴西进口的保护性农业专业条播机进行了比较。巴西的设备更为先进，但是当地所采用的设备完全可以满足需要。哈萨克斯坦政府已经宣布，将把保护性农业作为其谷类农业的发展重点。

This case demonstrates the role of engineering in improving resource productivity and it highlights the benefits to local manufacturing and services when innovations are introduced. 这个案例表明了工程技术在改善资源生产率方面的作用，突出了创新为地方性制造和服务部门所带来的收益。